India As A Tourist Destination Tourism Essay

India As A Tourist Destination Tourism Essay The term marketing has a very important meaning in the area such as retailing, branding and other similar areas such as event marketing. On the other hand, marketing in tourism and hospitality sectors are still legging comparing with the other areas. In this paper, different elements of tourism marketing will be explained with the help of understanding the concepts of marketing theory and research within tourism and hospitality sectors (Williams, 2006). Tourism is broadly defined as a business activity which is connected with providing accommodation, service and entertainment for people who are visiting a place for pleasure, recreation, leisure, business and so on (Chaudhary, 2010). It becomes an integral part of todays lifestyle. Hence, tourism marketing is also one of the important sectors where more effort and concern has been given to increase the standard of tourism all over. The reason behind this new trend is due to the increase of cross-cultural activities and due to the pass ion of people for visiting new destination. Also, the volume of tourism activity and the value is increasing compare to holiday destinations. This creates an inconsistency between tourism demand and supply, thereby creating under-utilized tourism capacity (Kaynak Kucukemiroglu, 1993). Position: Scope and the Objective of the study This paper discuss about the different marketing concepts which are used in tourism marketing and their application to generate different marketing strategy. In this paper, India has been chosen as the holiday destination. Hence all the research and analyze has been done to identified different marketing strategies to increase and promote Indian tourism all over. Scope and Objectives: The objectives of this research are as follows: To study the  theoretical  framework for marketing in tourism and the concept of marketing  strategy  in the tourism  industry this includes: PEST analysis, marketing mix,  segmentation, targeting and positioning. Conduct surveys and analyze India as a holiday destination and compare it with other  holiday destination To explore the perception of India as tourist destination Global Tourism Industry Todays era, the tourism Industry is booming all over the world. Tourism has become one the significant ingredient of mankind. A new tourism industry is rising which is driven by new consumers, new technologies, new ideas and new management techniques (Poon, 1993). The opportunities in the tourism industry are increasing with time and it is considered that at the end of 21st century, the tourism industry will generate more than 500 million employments whole over the world which will results in the increase of GDP by the tourism industry upto 15% (LCS Parking, 2012). Emerge of special marketing concepts including special tourist segments where the special segment refers to the the provision of customized leisure and recreational experiences driven by specific interests of individuals and groups (Sung, 2004) increases the number of tourists all over. According to the UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, despite of economic crisis in some of the major outbound markets around world, the total n umber of international tourists travel between the January to April 2012 is more than 285 million which indicates a growth of 5.4% compare to the last year (UNWTO, 2012). The main consideration of the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) is to provide with the best possible facilities and service for a distinct and specific need of the tourists (Sung H. H., 2004) and ensure benefits for consumers, business, local people and the environment. To provide the best facilities there is an immense change in the Tourism Industry (World Travel Tourism Council, 2012). The infrastructure and accommodation is one of the key sectors of the tourist industry. Even the advanced and sophisticated communication technology helps the actual and potential tourists all over with their expectations, personalities, and ever-changing needs (Pyo, Uysal, Chang, 2002). Expected Result of the study Literature Review A General Overview of Tourism What is Tourism Marketing? A product can be idea, goods, or service. Since the tourism industry is primarily a serviced-based industry, the main products provided by tourism business are recreational experiences and hospitality. This are intangible products and much more difficult to market than the tangible product. The intangible nature of services makes quality control difficult but crucial. It also makes it more difficult for potential customers to evaluate and compare service offerings (Chaudhary, Indroduction to Tourism Marketing, 2012). In addition, instead of moving the product to the consumer, the customer must travel to the product (area/community). Travels forms a significant portion of time and money spent in association with tourism experiences and is a major factor in peoples decisions on whether or not to visit a place (Vukonic, 1983). Tourism marketing or the marketing in relation to tourism means the process of achieving voluntary exchange between: Tourist who want to appreciate/ experience product and service. Organisations which put together and offer the product and service. The WTO defines tourism marketing as a management philosophy that in the light of tourism demands makes it possible through research, forecasting, and selection to place tourism product on the market most in line with the organizations purpose for greater benefits. Nature of Tourism Marketing Marketing is different perspectives that provide an understanding of the nature of marketing and tourism marketing (Panda, 2009). Marketing is an activity: Marketing is explained as an activity that is carried by a marketer to give its offer to customers. For example, marketing of a tour packages involves assembling the package, promoting it, and arrange it for sales. The focus in this perspective is to make the activity cost-effective and efficient. Marketing is an economic process: Marketing generates revenues directly through transactions and indirectly through its multiplier effect and employment generation. Here efforts are made to maximize economic benefits. Tourism marketing in its initial phase focused on economic benefits. Marketing is a social process: Marketing as a social process involves interaction and relationship between participants coming from different walks of life and society. The social process make host-guest relationship an important part of tourism marketing. Right to travel and pro-poor tourism have developed in response to the different social process. Marketing in managerial process Marketing is considered to be a business function that undertakes all managerial functions of planning, organizing, directing and controlling to carry out different activities. Overall, marketing can be combined together. It can be the economic, social, managerial process and activity at the same time. However, its different natures may dominate at different times. Process of Tourism Marketing Tourism marketing is a cycle process that begins with the understanding of drives, needs, wants and demands of tourists who are satisfied through suitable offers by entering into an exchange process with the marketers. The feedback of exchange is used by both the parties for the future relations. The different elements of a cyclic process give an insight of tourism marketing. Capture.PNG Fig: Tourism Marketing Process Understanding Needs, Drives, Wants and Demands of Tourists It is very important to know the tourist behavior as it will helps in delivering desired satisfaction. This begins with the identification of their needs, drives, want and demands. Need: Need is the felt gap between the existing and the desired state. Need motivates a person to act when it reaches the threshold level and it can be both physical and psychological. Marketers identify the need of people that direct their tourism behavior and offers alternatives to satisfy their needs. Maslows framework can be used to understand these needs. It divides the human needs into five categories of physical, safety, love and esteem and self-actualization. Tourists need a minimum acceptable level of food and accommodation at a place before travel. Safety need is reflected in the form of tourists need for law and order. That makes tourists avoid places of war, terrorism and conflicts. Need for love is the acceptance of tourists in the host society. In most of the cases, tourists prefer open societies than closed one. Esteem needs are tourists expectation that the host society would understand their importance and recognize the same. Lastly, self-actualization is undertaking trips that always been dreamt. Drive: Drive is the force created by needs. Unsatisfied needs create tension that drives the consumers to look for solutions. These solutions take the form of specific products. Buyers search for the best solution for their needs. The stimuli present in the environment give direction to drive. Want: Want is an expression of need in the specific form. Want are the thing which someone like but not really necessary. The need of recreation, leisure people generally tend to go for holiday. Marketers fit into the want framework other by redesigning offers or by assisting buyers in learning about new forms of product, services or idea. Demand: Demand is want accompanied by the purchasing power. It decides if the buyer has enough money to purchase. Demand changes with prices, substitutes, marketing efforts, inflation levels, income, etc. Demand can be created by building the purchasing power. For instance, when the demand for air travel has gone up than companies has introduced budget airlines. Growth of Tourism Marketing Tourism marketing evolved with the growth of tourism. The concept of tourism is very old, but its modern organized form started in the eighteenth century. Earlier, travel was undertaken for business and religious purpose. Tourism as a full- fledged a full- fledged business did not exist. Its marketing started with the first organized tours offered by Thomas Cook in 1841. Evolution of Tourism Marketing: Tourism marketing and its orientation has changed with the growth of tourism. Internationally, tourism came of age in 1950 and since then has seen a continuous change in the approach towards its development (Wang Pizam, 1998). The stages of tourism development and the corresponding marketing approaches are discussed below. Boosterism approach in the 1950s: It was the beginning of modern tourism and the emphasis was on boosting the tourism activity. This approach was based on the following assumptions towards tourism. Tourism is inherently good and should be developed. Cultural and natural resources should be exploited for tourism develop Economic Planning approaches in 1960s: As a result of the efforts of the earlier phases, the economic potential of tourism was well understood and new assumptions towards tourism were as follows. Tourism is like any other industry. Tourism can be used to create jobs, earn foreign exchange, and improve terms of trade, encourage regional development, and overcome economic disparities. Physical and spatial approach in the 1970s and the 1980s: The earlier approaches resulted in the massive growth in the massive growth of tourism. Mass tourism was not without consequences and its negative impacts on environment became visible and well known. This changed the earlier assumption of it being inherently good and harmless and new assumptions were formed. These were as follows. Tourism is a resource user. It exploits and destroys the natural resources used as tourism attractions. There has to be an ecological basis for its development to preserve the natural resources and tourism attractions. Tourism development can be geographically distributed to reduce the impacts. Community approach in 1990s: As tourism continued to developed, their social impacts were noticed. Particularly the local communication felt alienated. There were inconvenienced by the growth of mass tourism and were not in a position to decide on tourism development. As a result, tourism was opposed. It led to the focus on the following assumptions. Local community control on tourism development in the area is needed. Need for balanced development of tourism and search for alternatives to mass tourism. Social impact of tourism on a community and their attitudes toward tourism should be understood. Sustainable approach in the 1990s: Large-scale tourism development forced tourism planners to think of tourism development in a more holistic manner where the economic, environmental, and socio-cultural issues could be balanced. The concept of sustainable tourism was adopted for this purpose. The assumption for this approach is that a suitable balance must be established between environmental, economic, and socio-cultural dimensions of tourism development to ensure its long-term sustainability. Marketing orientation too becomes socio- environmental to balance the interests of tourism, marketers and the environment (Verbeek, Bargeman, Mommaas, 2011). Marketing Concepts for Tourism The marketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions better than the competitors do. Under the marketing concept, customer focus and value are the two important paths to sales and profit. Hence, the marketing concepts depend on the determining the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions more effectively than competitors do (Kotler, Armstrong, Wong, Saunders, 2008). Different marketing concepts are used in tourism industry are as discussed below. PEST Analysis in Tourism Market It is important to know about the market environment first for any marketers. In tourism this competition is fiercer, since the competition is almost in the destination of various states as well as countries. Market environment refers to the constitute forces which exist in the environment and influence the customer decision making. For scanning the tourism-marketing environment in India, the PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Political Environment: Political environment influence tourism marketing through pressure groups, policies, rules and regulations, and legislation (Bennett Strydom, 2001). Pressure Group: These groups in society use political influence for the furtherance of certain issues. Green groups work for ecotourism, consumer group for tourist protection, cultural groups for protection of heritage and culture, industry groups for reduction of taxes and so on. These try to influence law-making bodies to create a suitable mechanism to address their concern. Law and Policies: The government regulates tourism with the help of laws that govern its different sector. The government creates policies as guidelines to provide direction for the development of tourism. For instance, the Tourist Policy 2002 guides tourism growth in India. Rules and Regulations: Rules regarding land allocation for hotels and tourism development, tax concessions, permits, registrations of tour operators and travel agents, open sky, budget airlines, and tourism police gives a direction for tourism growth. Economic Environment: The general economic environment of a country influences any economic activity. Growth of new sector: Growth of new sectors, such as information technology (IT), travel and tourism, retails and banking has given jobs to young people. This income is finding its outlet in recreation, including travel and hospitality. Growth of economy: Growth of new sectors lead to growth of economy. Easy availability of foreign exchange: Increase of foreign tourism leads in increase of foreign exchange. Social Environment: The social environment decides buying patterns of the tourists and the response of the society to tourism. The socio-cultural environment of a place decides the holiday choices regarding the type of destination, activities, duration of holiday, expenditure pattern and so on. Group behavior: Indians are group oriented. This makes group travel acceptable and likable. The reference group in framing opinions is also very important. Lifestyle changes: Globalizations has changed the lifestyle of people. People take tours frequently for a change and rejuvenations. Technological Environment: Technology has completely altered the way the tourism business is conducted. Transportation: Transportation technology has given faster and better vehicles to facilitate the movement of tourists to far off places. Information and communication Technology (ICT): Major changes have been introduced by information and communications technologies in tourism. Internet and online distribution systems have been improved. Marketing Mix in Tourism Market Tourism Product Tourism product is a mix of tangible and intangible elements. Kotler (1984) conceptualizes product as anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that, might satisfy a want or need. It includes physical objects, service, persons, places, organization and ideas. This takes the concept of product beyond physical objects and can very well include tourism. Medlik and Middleton (1973) conceptualize tourism product as a bundle of activities, services and benefits that constitute the entire tourism experience. The bundle consists of five components: destination attractions, destination facilities, accessibility, images and price. According to Smith (1994) a tourism product consists of five elements in a series of concentric circles. The core is tangible and more controllable by management but the outward progression marks more intangible elements and greater consumer participations. The tourism product is a synergistic combination of these elements. These elements are as follows. The physical plan: This is the core of a tourism product where the main attraction is produced. It can be natural such as landscape or waterfall, or facilities such as conference hall, theme park, hotel, etc. Service: Service refers to the performance of specific tasks required to meet the need of tourism. A hotel needs management, front desk operation, housekeeping, maintenance, and food and beverage provisions to function as a hotel. Hospitality: Consumers expect enhanced service or something extra. Hospitality is that extra provided over professional service. Freedom of choice: It refers to the necessity that the traveler has some acceptable range of options for a satisfactory experience. Involvement: This is participation by consumers in some degree in the delivery of service. Tourism is known to be a participative activity. Hegarty (1992) explain tourism product through the following components. Environment: It is the raw material of tourism that gives a tourist destination its particular appeal. It has natural, cultural, and social elements. Activities: These are based on and derived from the environment. Foe example, trekking, rafting, sightseeing and so on. Accommodation: A tourist must have a place to sleep and eat Transport: There must be ways of getting around the destination. Services: There are various services that support tourism such as information, health, booking and customs. Infrastructure: Tourism cannot work without basic infrastructure like roads, airports, telecommunication and medical support. Destination Life Cycle and Tourism Area Life Cycle: The concept of life cycle is applied to destination as TALC (Tourism Area Life Cycle) or DLC (Destination Life Cycle). It is defined as stages a destination goes through, from exploration to involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, rejuvenation, or decline (Howie, 2003). Tourism Area life cycle.PNG Fig: Tourism Area Life Cycle Butler (1980) proposed the tourism area life cycle model of a tourist destination that identifies the stage of exploration, development, consolidation, stagnation, and decline. Exploration: This is the beginning of the destination for tourist activities. At this stage the destination is relatively unknown and visitors initially come in small numbers restricted by lack of access, facilities and local knowledge. Development: The destination see development of amenities as more people discover them and word spreads about the attraction. Stagnation: Tourists arrivals grow rapidly some theoretical carrying capacity which involves social and environmental limits. The rise of exploration to stagnation often happens very rapidly, as implied by the exponential nature of growth curve. Decline or Rejuvenation: A destination would decline if it follows trajectories C, D, and E as shown in the above Figure. This will happen if the very attractions that created the destination are lost. However, it may continues to draw some tourists with increased consumption and unsustainable development but not for very long. Tourism pricing: Price is the momentary value decided for exchange of goods and services between the buyers and sellers. Both parties want maximum benefits from this exchange. Factors Influence Tourism Pricing Tourism pricing is influenced by a large number of factors relating to supply, demand and the environment. The cumulative effect decides the final price. Supply-side Factors: Supply of tourism services is characterised by perish-ability, geographical restrictions, and domination by intangibles, and with consumption that takes place instantly with production. All this affects pricing. The specific supply-related factors affecting prices are discussed below. Perishable: Tourism services tend to perish if not consumed. For example, if a place has a carrying capacity for 5,000 tourists per day, it will host 35,000 in a week. It cannot host all tourists in one day. Hence, tourism services are to be consumed as and when produced. To bear the cost of maintaining supplies throughout the year, the prices may fluctuate. Intangible: Tourism Services are dominated by intangibles and putting a momentary value for these is very difficult. Intangibility is used by the hotels to price rooms differently depending upon various factors. For example, room facing sea will be perceived differently from the one facing a road. Geographically restricted operations: All tourism services come defined with geographical constraints. For example, a diners clientele can get services at a particular place only where the diner is placed. Tourists can enjoy a national park only after getting there. This limits the potential of the restaurant and the park only to the people who get there. Fixed Capacity: Tourism supplies have a fixed capacity. In tourism, supplies are limited; hence prices tend to rise in relation to demand. For example, in a hotel double room cannot accommodate more than two people. Substitutes: Availability of substitutes increase total supplies and tourists shift to different options for reasons such as higher prices, non-availability, and so on. For example, paying guest accommodation is being a substitute for storage of hotel rooms. However, all components of tourism cannot have relevant substitutes. Costs: Costs decide the minimum level of revenue to be charged from the buyers. But if the costs are high because of inefficiencies of production, prices too are unreasonably high. Cost of tour packages are often not in the hands of marketers, when most of the components are bought from other suppliers. Both fixed cost and variable costs are accounted for pricing. Actively-based costing (ABC) is used to calculate costs in tourism. Competition: Competition in the market increases supplies, reduce inefficiencies and bring down prices. Demand-side Factor: Tourists option about services affects demand as well perception of price. The specific demand-related factors affecting prices are discussed below: Value Perception: Value perception of price is subjective and varies among and within market segment. It also varies with time and location. Level of Demand: The level of demand impacts prices. High demand leads to high prices as tourists compete among themselves for the experience. Demand Pattern: Tourism demand often marked by seasonal fluctuations with majority of tourists travelling during the tour season for the best experience. As a result, demand exceeds capacity in peak period and facilities remain underused in the off season. Prices are adjusted to the match the demand pattern and also to influence demand to balance it with supply. Environmental Factors: External environment constitutes many forces that directly or indirectly shape demand and supply factors and price. Tax Structure: The tax structure in the form of surcharges, airport tax, luxury tax and service tax adds to the cost and the final prices. Consequently, when the service tax rate is changed, final prices changes immediately. Market Structure: Type and level of competition in the market has a direct bearing on price. Competition can be easy or intense, negative or positive, with similar or dissimilar, government regulated of free. Less competition results in higher prices whereas the healthy competition leads to reduction of prices. Government Policies: Marketers have to abide by government policies on price. For example, India has a dual price policy wherein foreigners pay in dollar and Indians in rupees. Price is the momentary value of goods and services and fixing this value right is critical for the success of a firm in the market. The cost-based, buyer-based and competition-based methods are commonly used in tourism industry. Once a price-level is determined, pricing strategies are used to respond to the continuously changing environment. The strategies often used are market skimming, market penetration, price-quality combination, discount pricing, geographical pricing and differential pricing. Tourism Promotion: Promotion mix is the combination of different methods of promotion. Each method is suitable under different conditions and a right combination can be very powerful. Tourism promotion is persuasive communication for the target market. It follows the general rules of human communication and applies it to marketing (Jayapalan, 2001). The goal of promotion is to contribute to marketing goals but it has its specific objectives in terms of attitudes and sales behavior of the market. Promotion is carried out with the help of different methods and together these are called promotion mix. Important Promotional Tools in Tourism A few promotional tools, such as brochures, events and movies are more apt for tourism because of their distinct nature. Brochures: Brochures are popular form of promotion used for direct sales. These are defined as booklets or pamphlets used for sales and promotion. This has the following advantages. It targeted more specifically. If retained, it will have greater reminder value. It can also have secondary or pass-along audience. Events: Events are organized occasions of significance. They are used to promote and highlight the tourism potential of a destination. The following and many more types of events are used for promotion tourism. International trade fair: This fair bring large number of buyers and sellers to a place, and who are likely to spread the word about the products showcased there. Cultural fair: Destination-specific festivals like carnival etc., brings a large number of tourists to these place. Cultural events: Cultural events, such as film festivals, dance shows, musical events, etc., brings destination in news. Sports events: Sports events, such as Common Wealth Games, show that tourism can be promoted in the different city in the country. Tourism Distribution Tourism distribution is transfer of tour and associated facilities from the suppliers to the tourists through the tourism distribution system. It delivers many benefits to the tourists. These are as follows. Accessibility and availability: Attractions are made available conveniently by arranging transfer of tourists. Information: Tourists get information about places, flights, trains, routes and so on. Counseling and advice: Tourist may not be able to decide about travel destinations and plans and may ask for advice. Arrangements: Tourists want arrangements to be mad for them so that they have minimum hassles on tour. People in Tourism People are an important content of tourism marketing mix. The tourism experience depends upon sellers, tourists, other service providers, residents, and tour group member. Some people understand the importance of tourism but others may not and their behaviors or encounters with the tourists might spoil the whole tour experience. Customer can look for one time encounters or relational long-term encounters. In long-term encounters, customers get attached to the service provider or brand. Long-term relations give marketers a brand-loyal market and consumers get good service. The difficulty is created in encounter with the other service providers, tour group members, and other tourists at the destination who are not directly concerned with marketing. These too have to be marketed the idea of creating a good service environment. The main focuses of the firms are discussed below. Internal environment: The main focus of the firms remains its internal environment and it manages its employees and customers for the same. Transactional Intervention: It is use to improve and control employee behavior. It includes building awareness, training in relationship building, behavioral flexibility and professionalism, empathy, interpersonal skills non-verbal communications and improved physical surroundings. Customer relationship management: It implies entering into, building, maintain, and sustaining relation with customers. Process in Tourism Marketing Process is an important element of tourism marketing mix because of the service-intensive nature of tourism. Tourism service process or delivery of tourism service involves procedures, task schedules, mechanisms, activities, and routines by which a product or service is delivered to a customer. It is an operating system of workflow activities and their integration. The main objectives of service delivery are to build improved, simplified, real-time, on demand, guaranteed, cost-effective service. The process of service delivery includes activities and flows, procedures, mechanisms of transfer, time and cost of transfer, and involvement of tourists in transfer. Physical Evidence in Tourism Physical evidence performs specific functions in tourism and form an integral part of the marketing strategy. The important functions performed by evid

Windshield Survey Reflection

Researching and visual observations of the community that one lives in is a true eye opener. I have chosen to research and conduct a Windshield survey in the town that I have lived in for the past three years. I was surprised at the amount of information that I was obtained by driving around, observing, asking questions, and conducting research online. Several areas of concern that have a potential to affect the health of the community were identified; obesity, diabetes, and the increase exposure to carbon monoxide poisoning.The two areas that I will focus my study on are obesity and carbon monoxide poisoning. Three community nursing diagnosis that I have arrived at are one, Risk for associated health complications related to obesity, two, Risk for poisoning related to exposure to carbon monoxide inhalation and three, Deficit knowledge related to health risks of smoking. As stated by Advameg, Inc. , 2003-2010, obesity in this community is 19. 6%, which is compared to a rate of 23. 3% in the state of New Jersey. Health complications are a concern in this population related to obesity.It is not clear why this community has a high rate of obesity as this community has a large population of educated blue-collar worker, which does not fit the typical population of obesity. Obesity in the country is on a rise, and this may be related to the lack of education on healthy eating habits and influences in the media with ads and commercials from food vendors. Education is important to this population and assisting them with alternative options. A nursing intervention would be to implement a group meeting within the community for obesity education.During these meetings discussions on different weight loss methods, complications associated with obesity, diet suggestions, and increase physical activity options would be helpful. Several partnerships may be made with this community such as Weight Watchers. Holding meetings in the borough hall with this weight loss group within the town will encourage the community to be involved because it is brought to them. These interventions will have a positive effect on the community to help reduce the incidence of obesity among adults.Risk for poisoning related to exposure to carbon monoxide inhalation is the second community nursing diagnosis that I have chosen because the carbon monoxide rate is above the average for the country. Advameg Inc. , 2003-2010, states that the carbon monoxide level for the country is 0. 334 ppm and for Dumont it is 0. 422 ppm. As a community nurse it is important to intervene and formulate a plan of action to help reduce the exposure to carbon monoxide within the homes of this community.Performing a risk assessment is a start, going into individual family homes, especially with elders and children and reviewing any tests that may have been performed and visual observation of the environment will gain knowledge on where to begin. â€Å"The most proximal exposures are in the home enviro nment, such as appliances that leak high levels of carbon monoxide or damp home materials that harbor molds† (Barnes et al. , 2010, para. 3). Education within the families of the community is important to reducing the exposure. By working in the most proximal environment where environmental exposures occur, the intervention has greater specificity in addressing risks tailored to each family's needs† (Barnes et al. , 2010, para. 3). Providing the families with educational material and organizations that may help is important. A partnership with the health care provider of the individual or family is beneficial in this area. The health care provider can assist with the educational material on the dangerous of such exposures and signs and symptoms.The Environmental Protection Agency may also assist with protection of individuals who are within a community that has high levels of exposure to carbon monoxide. Several websites can be assessed for information and decreasing exp osures such as the Centers for Disease Control. Deficit knowledge related to health risks of smoking. Not only are individuals unaware of the risks that they are imposing on themselves in relations to smoking but they are unaware of the risks that they are placing on the individuals within the community.One of the Healthy People 2020 health indictors is tobacco use. In this community they can benefit from raising awareness of the negative effects of smoking not only to the individual smoking but the people that surround them. Public education with flyers, posters, and visiting schools to target individuals who smoke and those that don’t to help encourage people to stop smoking would be a way that I would reach out to the community. Providing information at the borough hall would be another way to get the word out to individuals in the community to help keep the town smoke free.Partnerships with the American Cancer Society can be made to help educate the individuals on the ris ks that they are placing themselves and others at by smoking. Several other organizations are available to help individuals quit such as their primary health care providers or websites smokefree. gov. As in any community there are many risk associated with living in that particular community. Other factors that affect the community are the cultures that may congregate within them. A community more culturally diverse will see many different health concerns that a community which is not as diverse.According to The Office of Minority Health (2010), â€Å"The Office is dedicated to improving the health of racial and ethnic minority populations through the development of health policies and programs that will help eliminate health disparities† (About OMH, para. 1). They partnership with community that have a higher incidence of diseases among specific cultures such as African American, Asian, and Hispanic, to name a few. In Dumont I have found based on my windshield survey and res earch, there is not a wide range of cultures as approximately 67% of the population is white alone (Advameg, Inc. 2003-2010). In conducting the windshield survey, I could determine the areas of concern for the community that I reside in and how I may help to reduce the exposures and risks to myself and my family. Because I am a nurse it does not mean that I always have an open eye to what is going on around me. Several risk factors which I was unaware of being exposed to have given me the motivation to make changes within the community. The community partnered with other community and agencies will make a positive step to promotion and prevention of health disparities.

Modern History – Nazism as Totalitarian

Germany was a totalitarian state, however, only to an extent due to differing perspectives Nazi Germany did not fit the universal criteria of what constitutes totalitarianism. It is unarguably necessary that Germany was ran by a single party, had absolute control over mass communication & media, had a systematic terror & police control as well as total control over the army. However, many have argued that Nazi Germany was not totalitarian as it did not have total control over the economy and Hitler’s role in regime of the Nazism played a significant role in whether or not Germany was totalitarian. Views of Hitler’s role in the Nazi state concerning whether or not Germany was totalitarian changed over time, from when Hitler was the absolute centre and in complete control of Nazism to the view of ‘Working towards the Fuhrer’. Germany was a totalitarian state to an extent. Joseph Goebbel was the Minister for Enlightenment and Propaganda, who strictly repressed all public communications such as censoring all aspects of newspapers, heavy censorship of films, events that were organised to place Nazis’ message in a positive light as well as the effectively using the radio. Radios were cheap and when manufactured, they were preset to Nazi stations only. Through this aspect, civilians were constantly exposed and brainwashed to believe the righteousness of the principles of Nazism such as broadcasting Hitler’s speeches in full and placing glorifying Nazis. Newspaper editors were told daily of what stories were to be published, opinions to be expressed and even graphics. The ‘Fuhrer Myth’ played a significant role in Nazi propaganda: it portrayed Hitler to be a man who was born to lead Germany, ordinary yet extraordinary. Hitler had ended the Depression; he was anti-Marxist, thus he would save Germany from Communism; and he was willing to take action to save Germany from hated aspects such the Treaty of Versailles. The image portrayed was propaganda and was more or less a lie, thus proving that Nazi Germany was a totalitarian state. Hitler had learnt a lesson in 1923, to gain power and popularity he must gain it through the legal processes. After the series of events that lead to Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor, he legally pushed out any parties that had any possible means of opposition out of the framework of Nazi Germany, therefore leaving no room for individuality. The sworn personal allegiance of the army to Hitler is also another factor that confirms that Nazi Germany was a totalitarian state. It is evident to understand that there are concepts in which Nazi Germany is not considered to be a totalitarian state. There are different viewpoints of Germany that determines whether or not Germany was a totalitarian state during the Nazi regime. One viewpoint is that Hitler was the absolute centre and in complete control of Nazism. This idea established that all aspects during his rule went with the direct consent from Hitler himself, no policies were made without the reference of his ideology and all successes & problems could be Hitler’s responsibility. This aspect showed historians that Nazi Germany was a totalitarian state: Hitler had detailed understanding of specific situations, the public’s grievances, Europe’s fear of communism, gaining power through legal proceedings and the importance of the link between terror and propaganda in which he used to his advantage to seize control over the entire country. This perspective is contrasted with the modern viewpoint of ‘Working towards the Fuhrer’. Hitler was not interested in the day to day running of things, his attention was mainly concentrated on his ‘will’ and his plan for Germany which was a basis that took Germany forward. Often, Hitler would not make decisions hence leaving situations pending. Due to this issue, policy makers had to create or amend programs and policies that followed the in line of Hitler’s way of thinking. This concept explained the reasons why the regime become more radical as time wore on. Hitler’s beliefs such as ridding the Jews, destroying the Bolsheviks, creating the Aryan race lead to such events such as the Night of the Broken Glass and killings of those who did not fit the criteria of the Aryan description. The idea that Hitler was seen to above the day to day running of things, played a part in demonstrating the ‘Fuhrer Myth’ proved that he was beyond reproach thus, his followers must followed his line of thinking. This viewpoint shows that despite having complete control over media and communication, Germany was a totalitarian state, only to an extent. Another aspect that constitutes a totalitarian state is that it must have an official ideology. Nazi Germany, despite every civilian owning ‘Mein Kampf’, did not have an official ideology like the Soviet Union, which in theory, wanted a classless society. Nazism was a cluster of disassociated ideas that were tied together by Hitler whereas the Soviet Union had Marxism and Communism. As a result of this failure to fill the point of having an official ideology, it shows that Germany was not a totalitarian state. Significant aspects of Nazi Germany proves that it was a totalitarian state, such as its complete control over media and communication, Germany’s evident systematic terror and control as well as power over the army. However, due to differing perspectives, it is clear that Germany was a totalitarian state, only to an extent as it did not have an official ideology, and total control over the economy

Rhetorical Devices in Freakonomics - 1293 Words

Lucy Dineen Ms. Remmey Freakonomics Assignment August 2015 Argument: What Do Schoolteachers and Sumo Wrestlers Have in Common? Based on Paul Feldman’s findings, the authors of Freakonomics argue that a person, who is faced with an efficient way to cheat, will not necessarily choose to. The data involved in Feldman’s accidental bagel study proves that not all humans are corrupt. However,†¦show more content†¦Both zeniths occurred BEFORE the birth of the internet’s easily accessible communicative properties. Once these groups lost control of the information that kept others below them, they began to fail. 1. Asyndeton- â€Å"Information is a beacon, a cudgel, an olive branch, a deterrent-† (Levitt/Dubner 63) 2. Simile- â€Å"The internet acts like a gigantic horseshoe magnet waved over an endless sea of haystacks, plucking the needle out of each one.† (Levitt/Dubner 64) 3. Personification- â€Å"The Internet, powerful as it is, has hardly slain the beast that is information asymmetry† 4. Anaphora- â€Å"Fear that your children will find you dead on the bath ­room floor of a heart attack if you do not have angioplasty surgery. Fear that a cheap casket will expose your grandmother to a terrible underground fate. Fear that a $25,000 car will crumple like a toy in an accident, whereas a $50,000 car will wrap your loved ones in a cocoon of impregnable steel.† (Levitt/Dubner 67-68) 5. Ethos- â€Å"Consider this true story, related by John Donohue, a law professor who in 2001 was teaching at Stanford Uni ­versity† (Levitt/Dubner 69) Argument: Why Do Drug Dealers Still Live with Their Moms? Drug dealers still bunk with their mothers due to the fact that they uphold subpar jobs. The reason for this is proven in the third chapter of Freakonomics. The

Economic Environment of Singapore - 3298 Words

International Marketing 560 Economic Environment of Singapore Laura L. Erwin-Hall October 12, 2007 Home to some 4.48 million people (based on the last census in 2005 reported in 2006), Singapore is the fourth most densely populated country in the world and has one of the highest per capita gross domestic products in the world.1 The employment rate is 2.40 million (June 2006), with unemployment at an all-time low at only 2.5 percent. The labor force consists of mainly manufacturing, transportation and communication, construction, and financial, business, and other services. Singapore is orderly, prosperous, and modern. According to Richard H.K. Vietor, a Harvard Business School professor, Singapore, along with†¦show more content†¦(1) The government s role is to provide private enterprise a stable environment in which to thrive. The main focus of the Singapore s government spending is on essential public goods and services to Singaporeans. Key areas of expenditures are on education, public housing, health care, and national security. (2) Tax and expenditure policies should focus on incentives for saving, investments, and enterprise. Singapore s main source of governmental savings comes from taxes which are then used to increase economic competitiveness and attract foreign investments. Singapore is ranked number one for economic freedom. This combination of fair tax policies and the careful expenditure program, along with high economic growth has allowed Singapore to gather consistent budget surpluses. Their fiscal policy has also contributed to Singapore s high savings rate and allows it to achieve one of the highest investment rates in the world. In addition, Singapore does not have any foreign debt. 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The Fundamentals of Ap Us History Topics for Essay That You Can Benefit From Beginning Today

The Fundamentals of Ap Us History Topics for Essay That You Can Benefit From Beginning Today Many fantastic essay writers demonstrate a feeling of complexity in the documents, showing that the majority of the evidence may point in 1 direction but that portion of the evidence points in a different direction. There's not any way of knowing what material your DBQ will involve, therefore it's vital you have a strong general strategy for reviewing the complete scope of what you've learned. There exists a wide variety of agencies that are very similar to ours. Secondly, we are a seasoned agency. The Fundamentals of Ap Us History Topics for Essay Revealed You will soon locate the official data about us. Studying the material that will show up on the test is essential, but with a timed, standardized test, additionally, it is important to be ready for the specific testing atmosphere. You never know precisely what the documents will look like on the test, so you need to practice ana lyzing them until you're feeling comfortable with various kinds of sources. This document contains a lot of DBQs from previous versions of the AP test. Top Ap Us History Topics for Essay Secrets The AP US History exam is meant to test your skill at such an analysis, and the DBQ is a valuable part of this assessment. The DBQ doesn't need to be intimidating, but you might be unfamiliar with its expectations, therefore it is worth it to get well acquainted with its format beforehand. You are going to be given 55 minutes to finish the DBQ. Your DBQ rating will account for 25% of your total score on the exam. It will produce the history essay writing process faster and easier, and you won't need to devote a good deal of time doing research. Firstly, we're a trusted resource. It doesn't make a difference to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. The writing process is going to be a pleasure, and your reader will delight in reading your bit of academic writing. School uniform needs to be banned because it's uncomfortable and is hard work for you may have known of an argumentative essay, but there are a number of core. All of us have the chance and is eligible for a suitable education, so they can make a living, and support their families. The actual individuals highly praise our essay help site. Consult your teacher that will help you to earn a choice or search for interesting ideas online. The Fundamentals of Ap Us History Topics for Essay Revealed This success was achieved by other nations, since the usa has been so generous about lending money to them. As a result of teachings of the usa, Japan which was in a militaristic state is currently a democracy. Yes, the USA is a really robust and effective nation. If they was an empire, the country would not have the mindset that they have today about conquering other countries. We'll deal with them, and for a fair price, as we understand that students generally don't have plenty of mo ney to spare. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. There are a number of reasons why you need to prefer our services. Ap Us History Topics for Essay: the Ultimate Convenience! There's, naturally, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. For starters, you'll still will need to employ a whole lot of the knowledge you accrued in your AP US History program or self-studying experience. Make your list as long as feasible take a quick break. Just take a peek at our other blog posts about the AP program to learn more about AP course offerings and the way to get ready for your AP exams. The Fundamentals of Ap Us History Topics for Essay Revealed While there's no prerequisite for AP US History, students should make certain they are ready for the training course load related to an Ad vanced Placement History training course. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. In its function as an Advanced Placement course, AP US History exists not just to teach you historical facts, yet to help you realize how to approach and analyze historical content in how college-level courses will gradually expect you to be in a position to do. If you wish to succeed on the AP US History test, you've got to practice! The Little-Known Secrets to Ap Us History Topics for Essay It's possible to take the entire exam, or whether you're only interested in the DBQ, you can click Jump to Question once in the exam and pick the DBQ. If you wish to compose a great history essay you'd better pick a topic that's familiar to you. Deciding upon the correct essay topic can at times be rather challenging.

Research Question free essay sample

The goal of this short paper is to show, why a clear research question is important for successful research and for a rigorous paper or thesis. In addition it outlines how a research question can be formalized in a sound form. Therefore the first chapter of this paper describes the different kinds of research questions and their characteristic. Chapter three focuses on the development process of a research question and chapter four concentrates on the research questions task and its impact on a research project. We conclude by summarizing how it impacts our thesis. . What is a research question? Generally a research question can be defined as a statement that identifies the phenomenon to be studied (Campbell et. al. , 1982). The research question usually consists of one or two sentences that state precisely what will be confirmed, refuted or generally answered. There are several ways to draw a research question. One possibility is to start from a broad idea and then narrow it down. In such cases, many teachers are led to believe that doing research papers is pointless if not futile. 2. 2 What topics lead to lifting: The most important step to prevent lifting is choosing the research question carefully. When the research question is not well formulated or when the student goes for information that can be found in encyclopedias, lifting becomes inevitable. e. g. â€Å" The History of Prince Islands† With a topic like this, our students are bound to come up with encyclopedic information. A prep school student, who is no expert in history, cannot interpret the history of Prince Islands using the sources he has found. He is going to find some books from the library, visit a few websites, find a few tourist brochures, put them together and write a paper, which is 90% plagiarized. e. g. â€Å"Environmental Pollution in the Mediterranean Region† Again such a topic is dangerous because 1. It is too broad as a topic, 2. It requires expert knowledge to interpret, 3. Our students are not informed enough to put together that kind of information intelligently. Therefore, the result is going to be quoting one or two writers without even acknowledging the sources. e. g. â€Å"The Komodo Monster† (which is my favorite example. ) What can a student do about such a topic apart from consulting some encyclopedias or natural history books? A student of mine presented information in such a way that it looked like he himself had done all the studies in Malaysia jungles, observing the hunting habits of this monstrous lizard. 3. The correct research question: Our students are novices in every way: They are novices in English language and they are also novices in academic life. Therefore, when they are assigned the question â€Å"What is X? † they will go to the library and gather information from whatever source they can find, put it together without putting it through any analytical process of thinking. The correct research question must be formulated so as to produce results that the students have to find out by themselves, or at least that they have to interpret intelligently and with sufficient amount of reasoning. Given their level of academic expertise, students must be pursuing research on topics that they are familiar with, or that they can study safely using their general knowledge plus some amount of reading. (The golden rule of (i+1) where â€Å"i† represents the student’s level of competence or information. ) The reading they do must be of the kind they can analyze and read critically with their level of knowledge and English. e. g. An oral history project to be done with the residents of one of the Prince Islands , for example with the storekeepers in Burgaz Ada , collecting their memories about the Turkish writer Sait Faik Abasiyanik. Prep school students can handle a project of this size and scope, with some reading about the life of S. F. Abasiyanik, studying some oral history interview techniques minimal knowledge of transcribing their interviews making sense of the data they have gathered. e. g. Environmental pollution in YADYOK building or on BU campus. setting the parameters of pollution choosing some unobtrusive methods such as interviewing the personnel in charge of waste removal from the YADYOK building interviewing the faculty secretary and the janitors, for instance, reading some articles for theoretical background reporting the results of their research students may come up with data showing the extent of the pollution we are producing here before our noses. B. Types of research The research project can be of two types Library research Qualitative research There are also quantitative methods of research; however, since our students do not possess the required knowledge of statistics that accompany that kind of research, we should make do with the two types mentioned above. B. 1. Library research: As discussed above library research, or in more modern form the Internet sources, usually takes the form of informative research, that is the student gathers information on a topic. A library or Internet research project should be carefully monitored by the teacher to prevent plagiarizing. A library research paper usually takes the form of the literature review paper. I. Purpose of the literature review paper The purpose of the literature review paper may be: State-of-the-art review: What information exists on the topic? What are the current views/ knowledge/theories/methods in the field? e. g. AIDS: What medical knowledge is there? What are the current methods of treatment? What drugs, medicine are used? What is the epidemiology of the disease? Historical review: This review aims at revealing the history of the development of a topic. e. g. Theories of second language learning from past to present Comparison of perspectives: the focus is on the comparison of theories, or approaches to an issue. e. g. Theories of second language learning compared and contrasted As discussed above, such a research process needs to be carefully monitored by the teacher. Starting from the submission of the research proposal, the teacher should emphasize the importance of student contribution and originality. During the stage of writing the paper, the importance of paraphrasing, summarizing and quoting from the original sources needs to be emphasized. Otherwise, students are bound to produce plagiarized papers. Instead, such literature review may be integrated into the research paper itself. Literature review is an integral part of every research paper, and preliminary reading constitutes the backbone of the research process. From choosing a topic to what method to use, from the interpretation of data to the interpretation of results, the researcher has to refer to data and scientific knowledge accumulated by other researchers in the field.